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The conclusions of the last article [Andersen, Alapetite et al. 2007] are consistent with the previous article [Alapetite, Andersen, Hertzum 2007] and to some extent similar to the conclusions of the whole thesis. Even after some years of improvement, in office environment and for transcription tasks, speech recognition remains best suited for non-typists [Grasso 1995], at least considering the specific system in Danish used during the various experiments. Speech recognition has a number of clear advantages in some specific areas and situations, in particular when near real time information must be entered into a computer, when entering this data is a secondary task, or when competing input devices are not well suited such as when the user is moving around or needs free hands to e.g. take care of a patient. The thesis addressed a substantial part of the original research question, in particular with some clear results about the gains provided by speech recognition during busy anaesthesia situations in terms of anaesthesia record quality and time available for the patient. More generally, the thesis provides some information that may help to tell when speech recognition is a good choice or not, and when it is likely to succeed or not. Regarding the larger research question of the network in which this PhD took place, namely ADVISES, the European research training network about "Analysis Design and Validation of Interactive Safety-critical and Error-tolerant Systems", this thesis fulfilled some of the expectations by investigating in a safety-critical domain, that is anaesthesia, some HCI solutions to improve patient safety. Furthermore, during the experiments reported in [Alapetite 2006], promising results were obtained using a redundant speech recognition architecture to both increase speech recognition accuracy and fault tolerance. Age effect: a slight decrease 20% ; in the oral clearance cl f ; of modafinil was observed in a single dose study at 200 mg in 12 subjects with a mean age of 63 years range 53 - 72 years ; , but the change was considered not likely to be clinically significant and mrv.

Both epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR ; and insulin-like growth factor receptor IGFR ; have been implicated in the tumorigenesis of a variety of human cancers 8-13 ; . Targeted inhibition of EGFR with mAb or small molecular kinase inhibitors has shown good anticancer activity in a number of animal models as well as in various clinical studies for reviews, see Ref. 14-21 ; . For example, ErbituxTM cetuximab, previously known as IMC-C225 ; , an anti-EGFR mAb, has been proven to be effective in chemo-refractory colorectal cancer patients in two independent phase II studies 22, 23 ; , and Iressa ZD1839 ; , a small molecular EGFR kinase inhibitor, was approved in 2003 by the FDA for treatment of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma 24 ; . Similarly, significant tumor inhibition has also been achieved in animal models with several IGFRtargeting strategies including antisense oligonucleotides 25 ; , dominate-negative receptor mutants 26 ; , and neutralizing mAb 27, 28 ; for review, see Ref. 29 ; . A recent study demonstrated that tumor cells may gain resistance to anti-EGFR therapies without altering EGFR expression, but rather through up-regulation and activation of other proliferative and or anti-apoptotic activities, e.g., IGFR and downstream signal. Apr 4, 2006 pany currently markets four proprietary products in the united states: provigil modafinil ; tablets , gabitril tiagabine hydrochloride ; tablets and modicon.
The human EM4 cell line provides an appropriate parental background for studying hDAT function because of the absence of [3H]DA uptake and the lack of either DA or AMPH-induced whole-cell currents Saunders et al., 2000 ; . To investigate the extent to which transporter trafficking regulates transport capacity, we created a pool of cells stably expressing fluorescently-tagged hDAT. Using confocal imaging, cells with easily visualized plasma membrane fluorescence were selected for analysis Fig. 1A, inset ; . Addition of the N-terminal YFP tag to DAT did not significantly alter [3H]DA uptake data not shown ; and did not perturb the ability of the transporter to produce substrate-induced currents Fig. 1A ; Saunders et al., 2000; Khoshbouei et al., 2003 ; . Figure 1A shows current traces recorded from an hDAT cell before substrate application CTR ; , after bath application of 10 M AMPH AMPH ; , and after the addition of 10 M cocaine with AMPH still present COC ; . The AMPH-induced hDAT-mediated current was calculated as the current recorded upon bath application of AMPH minus the current recorded after the addition of cocaine, with AMPH still present. hDAT cells without detectable fluorescence did not produce any measurable hDAT-mediated whole-cell current upon AMPH application data not shown ; . Figure 1B shows the current-voltage relationship for the AMPH-induced current. The membrane voltage of the cell was held at 20 mV and stepped every four sec, in 20 mV increments, to voltages between 160 mV and + 100 mV. Data were normalized to the current measured at 160 mV - 60.2 16.9 pA, n 8 ; . The AMPH-induced current reversed at potentials more positive than 35.7 4.0 mV Fig. 1B.